塞罕坝林场华北落叶松人工林生长模型的研究

对塞罕坝林场华北落叶松人工林标准地的平均木和优势木进行树干解析,通过11m、13m、15m地位指数级的72株平均解析木和36株优势解析木资料,对华北落叶松人工林的胸径、材积与年龄之间的生长过程利用6种数学模型进行拟合,从中选出最优模型,并对模型进行检验,得出结论:在建立生长模型时应分别不同地位指数级进行;不同的生长因子须选择不同的生长模型拟合才能达到最佳效果;通过适应性检验,各回归方程拟合良好。     

国营林场产权制度改革探讨——以山西省杨树丰产林实验局云西林场为例

本文针对国营林场产权制度存在的主要问题,借鉴国有林权制度改革的经验,提出国营林场产权制度改革的初步设想。     

Marketing constraints for Eucalyptus from farm lands in India

During the early eighties farmers in north-west India planted Eucalyptus on a massive scale for sale as poles and pulpwood. However, after 1986 farmers in this region have almost stopped growing Eucalyptus, as their experience with its marketing was not a happy one. The pole market got saturated, paper mills did not pay a remunerative price, and fuelwood prices were low and uneconomical. More important, because of legal restrictions on the transport and sale of wood, and other institutional factors, the gap in the farmgate price and the consumer price remained very wide. Wood markets have, on the whole, exploited the farmers, rather than helped them. Due to this, the short period of flirtation with tree crops seems to be over for at least resident farmers in those very areas in north-west India where they had so enthusiastically planted Eucalyptus in the early 1980s.Abbreviations BDO Block Development Officer - Headloaders poor people who collect firewood on their heads from forest lands for consumption and sale - m ha million hectares - Rs Indian Rupee 16 Rs = 1 US Dollar in 1989 - panchayat elected village organisation - pradhan village chief On study leave from the Government of India to the Oxford Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K. Present address: 17 Ponnappa Road, Allahabad 211001, India     

Agroforestry in the interior highlands

The USDA Agricultural Research Service, headquartered at the South Central Family Farm Research Center, Booneville, Arkansas, recently initiated an agroforestry research program for the interior highlands and the southeastern United States. The purpose of the agroforestry program is to develop a research and technology transfer program in agroforestry that will provide additional alternative income opportunities for family farms of this region. The objectives of the program are: 1) to develop new information on the establishment, maintenance, and utilization of conifer and hardwood tree stands in open pastures, 2) to develop new knowledge in multiple-use management and their environmental impacts, and 3) to facilitate multidisciplinary networks and partnerships of farmers, technical specialists, scientists, and managers for accomplishing agroforestry research and technology transfer.     

森林分类经营的指标体系和技术标准

在简述林业分类经营背景的基础上,提出了林业分类经营的原则,重点提出了商品林和公益林分类指标体系和技术标准,最后探讨了国有林场的分类经营。     

Impact of agroforestry intervention on farm income under the subsistence farming system of the middle hills, Nepal

Practices that minimize the rate of soil degradation, increase crop yields and raise farm income are key to sustaining agricultural productivity in the hills of Nepal. The use of farmland is undergoing rapid changes in response to increasing population pressure, deforestation and subsistence needs. Against this background, this study examined the impact of an agroforestry intervention project on farm income based on a sample of subsistence farm households in Dhadhing district. The project was implemented by Nepal Agroforestry Foundation in 1993/94 to increase fodder production through the promotion of agroforestry. A total of 223 households (82 with project and 141 without project) were interviewed during May–October 1998 to collect information on production and agroforestrys' impact on farm income. The benefit-cost analysis showed that the agricultural system including agroforestry was more profitable than the conventional one. The results also showed that the introduction of mulberry trees for sericulture could further enhance the profitability of an agroforestry-based system. Thus, agroforestry has great potential for enhancing food production and farmers' economic conditions in a sustainable manner through its positive contributions to household income.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国有林场树种结构调整及稳定性分析--以湖南省国有武冈林场为例

运用目标规划模型对湖南省国有武冈林场的森林树种结构进行优化,得到其理想的树种结构,然后计算出理想树种结构的信息熵和信息熵相对值,用于评价该场的树种结构稳定性.评价结果表明:该场1990～1999年的树种结构信息熵变化不大,稍有增势,比理想的树种结构信息熵偏小,这说明该场现有的树种结构处于过于有序状态,即,人工干扰过大,会损失某些利用功能.该评价结果可为其森林经营结构的调整提拱科学的参考依据.     

Study on Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken and Swine in Organic Farm

To determine the drug resistance of E.coli strains from swine and chicken in organic farm,collection of stool specimens was conducted in one organic farm in Conghua city,Guangdong province in 2014,in which 118 E.coli strains were separated,including 55 from chicken and 63 from swine.The sensitivity of the E.coli strains from swine and chicken to 18 kinds of drugs was detected through agar dilution method.Similar properties in drug resistance were observed both in E.coli strains from swine and chicken in the same organic farm.In consideration of the resistance rate,samples were relatively sensitive to ceftazidime,cefquinome,cefoxitin,amikacin,apramycin,gentamicin,neomycin,florfenicol,chloramphenicol,imipenem,ciprofloxacin and olaquindox (chicken 0 to 21.8%;swine 0 to 14.3%).These isolates showed moderate resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin (chicken 29.1% to 38.2%;swine 23.8% to 27.0%).About 56.4% chicken isolates and 47.6% swine isolates showed resistant to more than 3 kinds of drugs.However,severe resistance was observed in trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole,tetracyclineand and doxycycline (chicken 45.5%,76.4% and 72.7%;swine 50.8%,81.0% and 68.3%).The results also indicated that under organic farming mode,the drug resistance rates of E.coli strains from swine and chicken were relatively low in general.Multi-drug resistance existed but was relatively slight.Although the drug resistance rate to several specific antimicrobials was high,it was still lower than that in conventional farms.Since most studies focused on the drug resistance of the bacteria under conventional farming model,this study filled the blank of the research of drug resistance under organic farming model.     

牛鼻绳牵出10600年前苑和囿

苑和囿是业界认定属早期园林类型之一,囿的出现不早于殷商。野牛须先驯为畜,方可进囿。牛鼻绳是嫩竹篾扭成的绳,穿进牛鼻两孔间壁肉的穿孔,大犍牛就可被驾驭。这是迄今发现最早的大家畜驯化工具,是人类从原始社会跨进农牧社会门槛的"门栓"。这是人类1万年前首次改造和利用自然、发现自我价值的时代,也是苑和囿同时涌现的时代。     

种植型家庭农场的经营效率测度分析--基于安徽省352个家庭农场数据

基于对安徽省352个种植型家庭农场的实地调研,将其整体划分成为粮食类、果蔬类、药材类,通过构造三阶段DEA模型分别对各类农场的经营效率进行测度分析。结果发现:种植型家庭农场的经营效率在整体上仍存在提升空间,利用SFA模型将管理效率、外部环境和随机干扰项剥离具有合理性,实证分析得出农场主年龄、文化程度、农技培训次数、种植补贴、土地流转费用、农场距离、是否受灾、区域生产总值等八个环境变量对农场经营效率具有显著影响;同时,各环境变量对不同类别种植型家庭农场的表现作用存在不同。在此基础上提出根据需求决定是否扩大粮食类家庭农场经营规模,同步提升果蔬类家庭农场生产经营规模和生产技术能力,持续引导药材类家庭农场瞄准前沿科技实现高质量发展。